How do we measure a Herfindahl-Hirshman Index? What does a low measure mean about the extent of competition?

Economics

29. What is the goal of antitrust policies?
30. How do we measure a four-firm concentration ratio? What does a high measure mean about the extent of competition?
31. How do we measure a Herfindahl-Hirshman Index? What does a low measure mean about the extent of competition?
32. Why can it be difficult to decide what a “market” is for purposes of measuring competition?
33. What is a minimum resale price maintenance agreement? How might it reduce competition and when might it be acceptable?
34. What is exclusive dealing? How might it reduce competition and when might it be acceptable?
35. What is a tie-in sale? How might it reduce competition and when might it be acceptable?
36. What is predatory pricing? How might it reduce competition, and why might it be difficult to tell when it should be illegal?
37. If public utilities are a natural monopoly. what would be the danger in deregulating them?
38. If public utilities are a natural monopoly, what would be the danger in splitting them into a number of separate competing firms?
39. What is cost-plus regulation?
40. What is price cap regulation?