Is colonization the most significant factor that has influenced development outcomes in Africa?

Is colonization the most significant factor that has influenced development outcomes in Africa? You can carry out a general discussion or focus on a single case.

List of possible sources:
* Ake, C., 1981. A political economy of Africa. London; New York: Longman (chapters 2 and 3).

*Amin, S., 1972. Underdevelopment and dependence in Black Africa—origins and contemporary forms. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 10(4), pp.503-524.

*Austin, G., 2010. African Economic Development and Colonial Legacies. International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement [En ligne], 1 | 2010, mis en ligne le 11 mars 2010, consulté le 23 janvier 2013. URL : http://poldev.revues.org/78 ; DOI : 10.4000/poldev.78.